Serial Killer Aileen Carol Wuornos Life Free Essay Example, 1250 words

When Aileen Carol Wuornos was twenty, she moved to Florida and married a rich 69-year-old man (Hickey 2009). The marriage only lasted for 60 days because the man is abusive. Her grandfather committed suicide then. She followed suit and shot herself in the stomach. Needless to say, she was unsuccessful. She had 6 attempts of suicide between her ages of 14 22. She also had unrealistic expectations this time, like, applying for a lawyer even if she did not have a college degree (Myers, et al 2005). She was working as a prostitute. She tells that she has been maced, raped and been beaten. She reported that she prostitutes herself 25-30 times a day (Hickey 2009). Then she met Tyria Moore. Moore became her first lesbian lover. Their relationship originally had been a sexual one but it had turned into a seemingly fraternal one. They moved in together, with Wuornos working as a prostitute and Moore keeping a regular job. It was during her life with Moore that she committed her crimes. Her life with Moore was filled with deceit, alcoholism, prostitution, transience (they moved from hotel to hotel) and violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killer Aileen Carol Wuornos Life or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Women s Role As A Female - 768 Words

The female gender has been evolving over time. During the last few years women have been rising above the obstacles and excelling. Women are now becoming the leaders in society despite many challenges. My gender as a female, possess so many positive characteristics but also negative connotations. When I think of the term female, I think of superheroes. Women are extremely amazing and we have the power to rise above all obstacles. We have positioned ourselves in society to advance in higher roles then ever imagined. It is also extremely hard being a female because of the constant issues we face. Women have been suppressed, discriminated against and degraded. Women are constantly pulled in many different directions when it pertains to our role. Women are held to many different expectations and standards, our role is sometimes confusing. As a woman there are certain expectations I have for myself but often feel pressured from other influences, such as family expectations. Female suppression is often experienced in my family. Females are not encouraged to be successful professionally. Being a woman in my family represents many different traditions. As the oldest female, I am the second mother. I am the care taker of my younger siblings. It is my responsibility to nurture the younger children and ensures their safe. It is the woman’s obligation to ensure the house is clean and food is prepared. The expectations are not always positive and it is expected to continue theShow MoreRelatedWomen s Role As A Female Dominant Profession Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesHistory shows us that nursing has not always been female dominant profession, and men have been a part of nursing for since acient times. A once male dominated profession has transitioned into men representing only a small percentage of the nursing populat ion. 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Cultural Prohibition of Food in Two Societies Free Essays

Many people of different cultures and religions define themselves not only by what their religious beliefs are but also by what food they eat and the different ways in which they prepare it (Campo 2009). Food is one important factor of everyday life that brings people together and links people to the natural and sacred worlds (Campo 2009). Since the beginning of time dietary practices have been incorporated into the religious practices of different people around the globe. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Prohibition of Food in Two Societies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some religious sects abstain, or are forbidden from consuming certain food and drink. Others restrict food and drink in their holy days, while some associate dietary and food preparation practices with rituals of the faith (Waibel 2004). These dietary practices are known as the cultural prohibition of food. In this essay I will discuss the Islamic dietary laws and the Hindu dietary requirements that are practiced around the world. The Muslim cultural prohibition of food plays a very significant role in the lives of Muslims around the world . The Islamic dietary laws are a matter of both social custom and religion (Campo 2009). In Islamic dietary laws, foods are categorized into different groups. These groups include those that are lawful (HALAL), those that are forbidden (HARAM) and those that are pure (tahir, tayibb) and those that are impure (rajis, najis). These divisions of what foods are lawful-pure and what foods are forbidden-impure are based on the QURAN and HADITH, the Islamic sources of revelation (Campo 2009). The Quran instructs people to eat only lawful and good things from the earth and not to â€Å"follow in Satan’s footsteps† (Q 2:168). The most general statement in the Quran about food is one that was intended for â€Å"children of Adam†: â€Å"Eat and drink, but do not be wasteful, for god does not like wasteful people† (Q 7:31) (Campo 2009). It is clear from both of these verses that ethics plays a major role in the practicing of the Islamic dietary laws. The Quran also identifies specific foods that God has provided for people to eat. These include the following; dates, grapes, olives, pomegranates, grains and the flesh of domestic sheep, goats, cattle and camels (Q 6:99, 141-145; 80:25 -32) (Campo 2009). Muslims can only consume meat where the animal has been slaughtered or sacrificed in accordance to specific rules: â€Å"The name of God (BASMALA) must be invoked (Q 6:118, 121), and a deep incision with a sharp knife must be made across the throat. Most seafood can be eaten (Q 5:96; 16:14), as well as hunted animals as long as the name of God has been pronounced when the hunting weapon is discharged (Q 5:4)† (Campo 2009). The Quran also forbids believing Muslims from eating carrion (Meat from unsacrificed dead things), spilt blood, pork and food that has been offered to idols rather then God (Q 5:3; 6:145). Other forbidden food such as the flesh of predators (animals with fangs or talons) is also included in the HADITH. The Muslim jurists consider meat from an animal that has not been correctly slaughtered as carrion (inedible). This includes animals that have been beaten to death, strangled, killed by a fall, or gored to death (Q 5:3). Wine is also prohibited along with other intoxicating substances. All of these forbidden foods and substances are said to be impure and can prevent Muslims from fulfilling their religious duties unless removed or avoided. Sometimes exceptions can be made when the situation is dire (Campo 2009). Specific dietary rules can also apply when it comes to worshipping and other activities in Muslim life. Prayer, fasting during Ramadan, Almsgiving, and the Hajj all involve restrictions and procedures concerning food that people are meant to abide by (Campo 2009). The offering of food is considered an important act of charity, but the food that is offered cannot be forbidden. Rules of etiquette are also recommended for special occasions involving hospitality and feasting as well as ordinary meals (Campo 2009). Hindu dietary requirements, like those of the Islamic dietary laws play a major role into the lives of many Hindus around the world. According to Arjun Appadurai â€Å" The density, scope and taxonomic complexity of Hindu symbolic thought in regard to food is difficult to capture in a brief space† (Appadural 1981). A love of nature and the importance of living a simple, natural life are the basis of Hinduism, which is a faith that originated in India (ElGindy 2010). The Hindu faith promotes a vegetarian lifestyle and encompasses a number of health beliefs and dietary practices. These practices arise from the idea of living in harmony with nature and having mercy and respect for all of God’s creations (ElGindy 2010). Devout Hindu’s believe that all of God’s creations including both humans and animals are worthy of respect and compassion. Therefore Hinduism promotes a vegetarian lifestyle with avoidance of eating animal meat or flesh (ElGindy 2010). However some Hindu’s choose not to practice vegetarianism and may adhere to the Hindu dietary codes in different degrees of strictness. For example, some Hindu’s avoid eating beef and pork (which are strictly prohibited in the Hindu diet code, especially beef because cows occupy a special place in the Hindu religion), but will eat all other meats (ElGindy 2010). Hindu’s believe that food affects both the body and the mind and a proper diet is considered to be vital for spiritual development in Hinduism. The Hindu diet code divides food into three separate categories, based on the foods effect on the body and the temperament (ElGindy 2010). The first is known as Tamasic food. This is food that is leftover, stale, overripe, spoiled or other impure food, which is believed to produce negative emotions such as jealousy, anger and greed. The second is known as Rejasic food. This is food that is believed to produce strong emotional qualities, passions and restlessness in the mind. The food in this category includes eggs, meat, fish, garlic, onions, spices, hot peppers, pickles and other pungent spicy foods. The last is known as Satvic food. This is the most desirable food and is food that is non-irritating to the stomach and purifying to the mind. The foods in this category include fruits, nuts, whole grains and vegetables. These foods are believed to produce calmness and nobility (ElGindy 2010). Hindu’s believe that for true service to God, purity of food is necessary to maintain the desirable state of mind that leads to enlightenment† (ElGindy 2010). Food is consumed to achieve mind/body equilibrium and good pure food promotes a peaceful – non agitated-mind. â€Å"Sin or an agitated state of mind, prevents the journey to moksha (divine supreme knowledge, which leads to freedom from the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth† (ElGindy 2010). Religion is the major factor when it comes to the prohibition of food around the world. Both the Muslim culture and the Hindu culture promote Holiness and pure lives through the prohibition of certain foods. A question of ethics arises from the practicing of such laws in both cultures. They also promote kindness and charity among people. There are many similarities between the two cultures in both the way they live their lives and the way in which they consume food according to their dietary laws and requirements. One major similarity is that both cultures categorize foods into groups, with certain foods being classified as being either pure or impure. Another similarity then arises from this as there are similar foods that are classified as pure, good foods to eat in both societies ,for example fruits and grains. Both cultures have specific foods that are forbidden, such as, meat that has not been slaughtered in accordance with specific rules for Muslims and Stale, leftover, overripe and spoiled food for Hindu’s. The main similarity between the two cultures is that they both strive to live pure, spiritual lives through the practicing of their dietary laws. For both cultures, if they do not abide by their dietary laws they cannot live fulfilled religious lives. As well as many similarities between the two cultures of Muslim and Hindu, there are also a few differences between the way in which they live their lives and dietary laws that they follow. One of the main differences between them is that Muslims can eat meat, as long as the animal has been slaughtered in the correct way, whereas Hindu’s promote a vegetarian lifestyle because they believe that all of God’s creations are equal. Although some Hindu’s may choose to eat meat (apart from beef and pork), depending on the level of strictness in which they follow their dietary laws. Another difference is that Islamic dietary laws are a matter of social custom and religion. Special etiquette is required at social gatherings such as feasts, as well as ordinary meals, for example, â€Å"pronouncing the basmala, taking food and drink with the right hand and not reclining while eating† (Campo 2009). Another difference between Muslims and Hindus is that Hindus believe that food is good for both the body and the mind. They believe that certain foods can create different emotions when consumed. For example, they believe that impure food can make someone angry, jealous and greedy (ElGindy 2010). The cultural prohibition of food in both the Muslim society and the Hindu society is a very strong element in the religious lives of those who practice these faiths. Firstly I would like to point out that ethics appear to be a major influencer into the practicing of dietary laws and codes in these religions. This is because people of both religions strive to live a fulfilled spiritual life, which they cannot have if they eat foods, which are not considered as being pure. This brings me to my next point, which is, both Muslims and Hindu’s classify foods into groups based on whether the food is pure or impure. In both societies people want to eat pure food and avoid impure food so that they can live a pure life. Certain rituals and rules apply to both cultures when it comes to how food is prepared before it is consumed. Sometimes in both cultures exceptions can be made to these laws in dire circumstances. In conclusion the cultural prohibition of food in the Muslim society and the Hindu society helps people to reach religious equilibrium, which is something that all people who practice the faith strive to achieve. From the research that I have conducted into the study of the prohibition of food I have found that both the Muslim faith and the Hindu faith follow similar morals and belief systems and place significant importance on the key ideas of holiness, pure, impure, kindness, generosity, equality and charity. How to cite Cultural Prohibition of Food in Two Societies, Essays

Analysis Stocks Of Financial Institutions †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Stocks Of Financial Institutions. Answer: Introduction The present report aims to conduct the fundamental analysis of stocks of some selected financial institutions. The analysis is carried out through examining the key financial ratios of the financial institutions and their significant business risks. The significant business risks examined are interest rate risk, credit risk, market risk, foreign exchange rate risk, liquidity risk, and capital adequacy. The financial institutions selected for the purpose are Bank of America, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Westpac Banking Group, Barclays PLC, Bank of China, Citigroup, HSBC Holdings PLC ADR and JPMorgan Chase and Co. Key Financial Ratios The major financial ratios that help in examining the financial position of a business corporation are profitability, liquidity, efficiency, market capitalization and return on equity. The profitability ratios assess the ability of a corporation to generate earnings in comparison to revenue. The liquidity ratios determine the cash position while efficiency ratios provide an analysis of utilizing effectively the assets and liabilities of a corporation. The market capitalization ratios determine the market value of a company while return on equity assesses the profit earned by a company on its equity value. The key financial ratios of the selected financial institutions are examined as follows: The Bank of America is recognised as one of the leading bank of the country for meeting the personal financial needs of a business entity. The analyses of the profitability ratios of the bank such as gross margin, operating margin, return on invested capital, asset turnover has indicated that its profitability is increased in the last few years. The liquidity ratios such as financial leverage and debt/equity ratio indicates that the liquidity position of the banking corporation has decreased in the recent years. The financial leverage and debt/equity ratios have shown a decreasing trend from the year 2013-2016. The efficiency ratios such as receivables turnover, inventory turnover, fixed assets turnover and asset turnover of the banking corporation indicates the ability of the banking corporation. The efficiency ratios such as fixed assets turnover and assets turnover have shown an increasing trend and thus it can be said that the banking corporation possess larger ability to effecti vely use its assets and liabilities for generating profitability. The market capitalization ratio such as EPS (Earning per Share) have shown a decreased trend as analyzed from its negative growth over the past few years. The return on equity of the banking corporation has shown a decreasing trend in the past few years and has significantly decreased from 10.77 in the financial year 2007 to the financial year 2016. The Australia and New Zealand banking Group is recognised as third largest bank of Australia in terms of the market capitalization. The profitability of the banking group in the past few years has shown a decreased trend which indicates its reduced profitability. The operating profit ration of group has reduced from 51.40 in the year 2014 to 39.84 in the year 2016. Also, the EBT margin of the group has also been decreased from 51.40 to 39.84 between the periods of 2014-2016. The liquidity analysis of the group through examining the financial leverage and debt/equity ratios indicates that it has strong liquid position with the increasing trend shown in these ratios from the year 2014-2016. The efficiency ratios such as fixed assets turnover and asset turnover have also maintained a static growth rate over the past few years not showing a major increasing trend. The market valuation of the group has also reduced as depicted form its EPS ratio that has reduced from 9.14 to 0.08 from 201 4-2016. The profitability ratios of Commonwealth Bank of Australia shows that it has realized larger profits in the past few years as its operating margin and EBT margin ratios shows a positive growth from 2014-2016. However, its return on equity ratio has recorded a slightly low growth in the past few years from 2014-2016 which can have a negative impact on its earning realization capacity in the future period of time. The efficiency ratios such as fixed assets turnover and asset turnover ratios have shown a declining growth trend in the recent years which indicates that it should improvise over its ability to use effectively its assets for improving its earnings realization. The market valuation as depicted from its EPS ratio has shown a considerable decrease which is a matter of great concern for the banking group. The liquidity position is also not too good as observed from the slow growth rate of its financial leverage ratio. The profitability ratios of National Australia Bank (NAB) Ltd such as operating and EBT margin shows a positive growth rate indicating the increase in its profit over the recent years. However, the return on equity shows a decreasing rate indicating that the bank must improve its ability to generate profits from the shareholders equity. The market valuation of the banking group has also reduced with the decrease in the EPS ratio of the bank over the past few years. The efficiency ratios analysis shows a decrease in the growth rate of ratios such as fixed assets turnover and asset turnover. The banking group also shows a decreasing trend of financial leverage position indicating that it is improving debt in its capital structure. The NAB is providing good returns as indicated from the increase in its returns from 3.60 to 5.23 in the last 5 years and thus it can be said that banking group is delivering good financial performance. As such, it is advised to the investors for holding or b uying out its shares for realizing increasing returns in the future context. The Westpac Banking Group has recorded a slight drop in its operating and EBT margin ratios over the last two years indicating that it should develop strategies for improvising profitability. The return on equity ratio of the Westpac is also showing a decreasing rate and thus it is recommended to improvise over is return on equity. The cash-conversion efficiency of the bank is also not too good as indicated from the decrease in its fixed assets turnover ratio in the past few years from 15.18 in 2014 to 12.61 in 2016. The financial structure of the bank also indicates that it is incorporating less use of leverage in its capital structure in comparison to equity as indicated from the decrease trend of financial leverage and debt/equity ratio in the past few years. The EPS ratio of the company is showing a decreasing trend indicating that it is providing considerable fewer returns to its shareholders in the recent years. The Westpac is showing increasing returns in the past five years f rom 6.89 to 10.85 indicating its strong financial performance. It is recommended to the investors to hold or purchase the shares of the banking group for realizing larger returns. The Barclays PLC is showing an increasing in its profitability position with the positive growth rate depicted in its operating and EBT margin ratios from 2014-2016. The EPS ratio of the company is showing a decreasing trend indicating that is providing less return to its shareholders in the recent years. The bank is also adopting less use of leverage in its financial structure as indicated from decrease in its financial leverage ratio from 22.80 to 18.70 during 2014-2016. The banking group has shown a rise in its cash realization efficiency from the use of fixed assets as indicated from the increase in its assets turnover ratio in the recent years. The financial performance of the bank is also not too good as indicated from its declining returns in the past few years. The Bank of China profitability position is somewhat decreased as indicated from decrease in its operating profit margin ratio from 50.60 to 45.49 during 2014-106. The payout ratio and the dividend yield of the bank are also on decline indicating less returns provided to the shareholders. The bank is also using less debt proportion in its capital structure as indicated from its financial leverage ratio. The fixed assets turnover ratio is showing a decreasing trend indicating that the ability of the bank to realize cash from the use of assets is on decrease. The market capitalization of the bank from 2014 to 2016 has shown a rapid decline from USD 184,330 to 141,480 indicating that its market value is on decrease. The investors are thus recommended to sell the shares as its market value is expected to show a negative trend in the future. The analysis of profitability ratios of Citigroup Inc has indicated that its operating income has increased significantly from 2014-2016. The EPS ratio of the bank has shown an improvement in the recent years indicating that the bank returns to its shareholders have increased somewhat. The financial leverage of the bank is showing a decrease in the debt proportion in its capital structure from 2014-2016. The assets turnover ratio of the bank has also maintained a steady growth indicating that its efficiency to realize cash from the use of assets over the past few years is static. On the other hand, the HSBC Plc shows an increase in the operating margin ratio in the recent years indicating the growth in its profitability position. The dividend yield is on increase of the bank in the recent years. The financial leverage ratio has also shown a rise in the recent years indicating that it is utilizing less debt in its capital structure in comparison to equity. The fixed assets turnover ra tio of the bank has shown an increase from 2014 to 2016 and thus its efficiency to realize cash from the use of assets has shown a positive trend. The market capitalization of the bank has also improved during 2014-2016 indicating that the investors should buy out its shares for achieving larger returns in the future context. The profitability analysis of the JP Morgan has indicated that its profit margin has shown an increasing trend in the recent years. The bank is using less debt in its capital structure as its financial leverage and debt/equity ratio has reduced considerably over the past few years. The efficiency ratios of the bank have also reported a decrease indicating that its efficiency to realize profits from the use of assets has gradually declined. The market capitalization and its dividend yield has gradually increased from 2014-2016 indicating that investors should buy out its shares for realizing larger returns in the future. Interest Rate Risk The interest rate risk represents the most significant risk faced by the banking industry. The Bank of America has measured its interest rate risk by identifying the potential changes in the interest income incurred due to fluctuations in the market interest rates. The bank has analyses the future risks associated with its net interest income through developing forward-looking contracts of net interest income. The interest rate sensitivity as analyzed under various conditions through expecting future business growth and the direction of future interest movements. The bank then continually reviews its balance sheet position for maintaining an exposure to changes occurring in the interest rates. The balance sheet incorporates assumptions about the following interest rate situations such as loan, deposit growth, product re-pricing. Thus, it can be said that the bank faces significant interest rate risk being managed through the use of forward contracts. The Australia and New Zealand ban king Group (ANZ) manages the interest rate risk through the use of VaR and scenario analysis. This helps the bank to integrate risk management policies for stabilizing the optimal net interest income. The NAB does not face significant interest rate risk. The NAB faces interest risk due to changes in interest rates and has also faced negative interest rates curves in some countries where it operates. The Westpac Banking Group also faces significant interest rate risk due to the financial instruments in its balance sheet such as loans and deposits. It monitors the interest rate risk through the use of financial derivatives. The Barclays PLC also faces significant interest rate risk due to short-term borrowing rates and floating liabilities. Credit Risk The Bank of America manages its credit risk through purchasing the credit protection for the funded as well as unfunded portion. The bank has added the credit exposure within the banking industry for obtaining credit protection. The banking group is also using credit derivatives for hedging the credit risk and thus the significant loss or profit arising from credit instruments is offset by the related exposures. The ANZ has adopted a comprehensive top-down framework for managing the credit risk that helps it to minimize the chances of occurrence of financial loss resulting from its failure to comply with its contractual obligations. The NAB has also managed adequate credit policies for managing credit risk through developing Credit Assurance unit. The Westpac is a global bank and as such faces large risk of maintaining its credit position to meet its financial liabilities on time. The Barclays also faces significant credit risk across its various financial instruments as it has to me et the repayment obligations of its clients. The Bank of China has adopted the use of credit authorization and post-loan management for managing the credit risk. Market Risk The market risk is the risk impacting the value of assets and liabilities due to changes in the market conditions. The financial instruments of the Bank of America such as loan and deposit products are subject to economic value changes on the basis of market conditions. The bank in order to mitigate the various market risks such as interest rate, foreign exchange, credit and equity reports its trading positions at the fair value. The market risk is also hedged through the use of derivatives such as options, futures, forwards and swaps. The market risk of ANZ arises from the changes in its interest rate, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads, volatility and correlations in its balance sheet. It has adopted the use of market risk management and control framework for qualifying the market risk that helps it to allocate an adequate amount of capital to manage these risks. The Commonwealth bank uses value-at-risk (VaR) strategies for mitigating the traded and non-traded market risk that uses potential loss through analyzing the historic market movements. The bank faces both types of market risk such as traded and non-traded that is assesses periodically through VaR. The NAB faces significant market risks due to changes in market conditions such as change in interest rate, foreign exchange movements and is monitored through the use of Value at risk (VaR). The Westpac operates on a global scale and thus faces larger market risk on account of interest rate fluctuations and foreign currency movements that it need to manage adequately. The market risk of Barclays results from exposure of its operations to foreign market conditions and is managed through the use of hedging policies. The Bank of China develops market risk management policy for measuring the market risk. The Citigroup reviews the market risk through developing significant policies and procedures for managing the market exposures. Foreign Exchange Risk The foreign exchange risk of Bank of America represents the risk faced by the bank due to fluctuations in the current holdings and future cash flows that are denominated in foreign currencies. The major financial instruments that are exposed to this risk are foreign currency denominated loans, securities, future cash flows, debt and interest rates. The risk is managed through the use of hedging instruments such as foreign exchange options, swaps, futures, forwards, debt and deposits. The NAB also faces significant foreign exchange risk due to currency movements, profits and losses and assets and liabilities due to participation in the global financial markets. The foreign currency movements posses a large foreign exchange risk for Westpac due to its foreign subsidiaries operations. The foreign exchange risk is faced by the Barclays due to its operations in the foreign countries. The HSBC faces foreign exchange risks due to overseas payments and the use of foreign currency denominatio ns in imports and exports. It manages the risk though developing effective strategies for minimizing foreign exchange risk through reducing the exposure. The bank uses hedging strategies for reducing the foreign exchange currency risks. Liquidity Risk The liquidity risk of Bank of America arises from its inability to support the present and future cash flows through maintaining adequate funds. The bank for managing its liquidity risk maintain access to varied funding sources such as stable deposit base and align with various incentives and risk policy. The bank has developed a liquidity buffer system that incorporates global sources of liquidity that are readily available to be used by the bank in the form of high-quality liquid and unencumbered securities. The ANZ manages its liquidity risk through developing a metrics that helps in prioritizing over its short and long-term liquidity risks. The group faces liquidity risk due to its inability to meet payment obligations such as paying the depositors or in maturity of wholesale debt. The Commonwealth bank also faces significant liquidity risk that is managed through the use of liquidity and funding risk management framework. The NAB also faces significant liquid risks due to extern al market and economic events. The risk is governed through the adoption of Group Asset and Liability Committee (GALCO) that develops strategies for meeting the liquid risks. The Westpac have large liquidity risk due for meeting its daily operations on a global scale. The head office of Bank of China is responsible for managing the overall risk related to liquidity. The Citigroup manages liquidity risk through properly developing its deposits and funding activities. Capital Adequacy The Bank of America conducts an Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP) periodically for analyzing the future capital needs and resources. The ANZ faces capital adequacy risk due to the significant loss it can face from maintaining an adequate capital level due to loss of confidences of investors, non-compliance with legislations or reduce goodwill. The bank capital management plans emphasize on protecting the interest of creditors, depositors and investors for managing this type of risk. The NAB has established minimum regulatory capital requirements as per the Basel Capital Framework for maintaining an adequate capital structure. The rest of the Banking Groups manages its capital risk through maintain an adequate proportion of debt and equity and also analyzing the future needs of capital requirement in advance. The JP Morgan has developed capital management policy for managing the capital structure risks. Ranking of Banks Name Ticker Domicile Industry Group Currency Business Country Uncertainty Ranking Bank of America Corporation BAC United States Banks - Global US Dollar United States High 9 Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd ANZ Australia Banks - Global Australian Dollar Australia Medium 4 Commonwealth Bank of Australia CBA Australia Banks - Global Australian Dollar Australia Medium 1 National Australia Bank Ltd NAB Australia Banks - Global Australian Dollar Australia Medium 3 Westpac Banking Corp WBC Australia Banks - Global Australian Dollar Australia Medium 2 Barclays PLC BCY United Kingdom Banks - Global Euro United Kingdom High 7 Bank Of China Ltd H BACHF China Banks - Global US Dollar China High 8 Citigroup Inc C United States Banks - Global US Dollar United States High 6 HSBC Holdings PLC ADR HSBC United Kingdom Banks - Global US Dollar United Kingdom Medium 5 JPMorgan Chase Co JPM United States Banks - Global US Dollar United States High 10 List of Financial Institutions Websites Bank of America Corporation: https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/71/71595/BOAML_AR2016.pdf Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd https://news.iguana2.com/anz/ASX/ANZ/459865 Commonwealth Bank of Australia https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/annual_report_2017_14_aug_2017.pdf National Australia Bank Ltd https://www.nab.com.au/content/dam/nabrwd/About-Us/shareholder%20centre/documents/2016-annual-financial-report.pdf Westpac Banking Corp https://www.westpac.com.au/content/dam/public/wbc/documents/pdf/aw/ic/2016_Westpac_Annual_Report Barclays PLC https://www.home.barclays/content/dam/barclayspublic/docs/InvestorRelations/AnnualReports/AR2016/Barclays%20PLC%20Annual%20Report%202016.pdf Bank of China Ltd H https://pic.bankofchina.com/bocappd/report/201703/P020170331589265982242.pdf Citigroup Inc https://www.citigroup.com/citi/investor/quarterly/2016/ar15c_en.pdf HSBC Holdings PLC ADR https://www.hsbc.com/investor-relations/group-results-and-reporting/annual-report JPMorgan Chase Co https://www.jpmorganchase.com/corporate/investor-relations/document/2016-annualreport.pdf